What is Alzheimer's
Disease? Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative
disease characterized in the brain by abnormal clumps (amyloid plaques)
and tangled bundles of fibers (neurofibrillary tangles) composed of
misplaced proteins. Age is the most important risk factor for AD; the
number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65.
Three genes have been discovered that cause early onset (familial) AD.
Other genetic mutations that cause excessive accumulation of amyloid
protein are associated with age-related (sporadic) AD. Symptoms of AD
include memory loss, language deterioration, impaired ability to mentally
manipulate visual information, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and
mood swings. Eventually AD destroys cognition, personality, and the
ability to function. The early symptoms of AD, which include forgetfulness
and loss of concentration, are often missed because they resemble natural
signs of aging.
Is there any treatment?
There is no cure for AD and no way to slow the progression of the disease.
For some people in the early or middle stages of AD, medication such as
tacrine (Cognex) may alleviate some cognitive symptoms. Donepezil (Aricept),
rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Reminyl) may keep some symptoms
from becoming worse for a limited time. Also, some medications may help
control behavioral symptoms such as sleeplessness, agitation, wandering,
anxiety, and depression.
What is the prognosis?
AD is a progressive disease, but its course can vary from 5 to 20 years.
The most common cause of death in AD patients is infection.
What research is being done?
The NINDS conducts and supports research on neurodegenerative and
dementing disorders, including AD. Scientists are currently studying or
testing different types of drugs and other substances to determine if they
can stop AD progression, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS),
statins (such as those used for lowering cholesterol), folic acid, gingko
biloba, and vitamins E, B6, and B12. Studies in basic science are also
exploring the potential of vaccines. The National Institute on Aging and
the National Institute of Mental Health also support research related to
AD
